Lunar M3 Water Map PDS4 Archive

These water maps and their ancillary data were prepared for studying the effects of Earth's magnetotail on the formation of the lunar surface water by Dr. Shuai Li at University of Hawaii. It is very challenging to discriminate OH from H2O based on their overlapped absorptions near 3 µm in the Chandrayaan-1 Moon Mineralogy Mapper (M3) data and they are thus grouped as “water”. M3 data from 5 optical periods (OPs) were used and the pixel with the minimum phase angle was used during mosaic. All M3 data were projected using a simple cylindrical projection algorithm. The lunar phase and local time for each M3 pixel can be found in the associated ancillary files. Please use this dataset with caution for other purposes.
All M3 images in five OPs were thermally corrected using the empirical algorithm developed by Li and Milliken [2016]. The lunar phase of each M3 image cube was calculated using JPL-provided SPICE kernels in conjunction with the M3 data acquisition time. The absolute water content of the global lunar surface was mapped from the absorption strength near 3 µm of M3 data using the algorithm in [Li and Milliken, 2017]. The absorption strengths near 3 µm of M3 data were characterized using the Hapke Effective Single Particle Absorption Thickness (ESPAT) parameter [Hapke, 1981; Li and Milliken, 2017]. The absolute water content was then derived from the ESPAT values using an empirical equation: water (ppm) = 5000 * ESPAT [Li and Milliken, 2017]. The mapping uncertainty was estimated to be 20% of mapped water from laboratory experiments [Li and Milliken, 2017].

PDS4 DOI: 10.17189/gmce-w279

Citation:

Shuai Li, A. R. Poppe, T. M. Orlando, B. M. Jones, O. J. Tucker, W. M. Farrell, and A. R. Hendrix (2023), New formation processes of lunar surface water in Earth’s magnetotail, Nature Astronomy.

References:

Hapke, B. (1981), Bidirectional reflectance spectroscopy: 1. Theory, Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, 86(B4), 3039-3054.

Li, S. (2016), Water on the Lunar Surface as Seen by the Moon Mineralogy Mapper: Distribution, Abundance, and Origins, Brown University.

Li, S., and R. E. Milliken (2016), An empirical thermal correction model for Moon Mineralogy Mapper data constrained by laboratory spectra and Diviner temperatures, J Geophys Res-Planet, 121(10), 2081-2107.

Li, S., and R. E. Milliken (2017), Water on the surface of the Moon as seen by the Moon Mineralogy Mapper: Distribution, abundance, and origins, Science advances, 3(9), e1701471. Lundeen, S., M. Stephanie, and A. Rafael (2011), Moon Mineralogy Mapper Data Product Software Specification.

Publisher

University of Hawaii

Publication Date

22 December 2022

Originator

Li, Shuai, Poppe, A. R., Orlando, T. M., Jones, B. M., Tucker, O. J., Farrell, W. M., Hendrix, A. R.

Group

PDS

Added to Astropedia

18 May 2023

Modified

8 June 2023

General

Geospatial Data Presentation Form

Global Mosaic, Raster Data, Remote-sensing Data

Online Linkage

https://asc-pds-individual-investigations.s3.us-west-2.amazonaws.com/moon_m3_lunarwater_li_2023/bundle_moon_m3_lunarwater_li_2023.xml

Keywords

System

Earth

Target

Moon

Theme

Geographic Information System (GIS), Hydrology, Remote Sensing, Water, Selenology

Mission

Chandrayaan

Search Terms

M3, the Moon, water maps, derived, archive

Contact and Distribution

Access Constraints

None

Use Constraints

Please cite authors

Data Status and Quality

Currentness Reference

Publication date

Progress

Complete

Update Frequency

None planned

Process Date

22 December 2022

Process Description

see: Shuai Li, A. R. Poppe, T. M. Orlando, B. M. Jones, O. J. Tucker, W. M. Farrell, and A. R. Hendrix (2023), New formation processes of lunar surface water in Earth’s magnetotail", Nature Astronomy.

Lineage

PDS Status

PDS 4 Archived

Source PDS Archive

Chandrayaan 1

Source Originator

Planetary Data System

Source Title

Moon Mineral Mapper (M3)

Source Online Linkage

https://pds-imaging.jpl.nasa.gov/volumes/m3.html

Type of Source Media

Online

Geospatial Information

Location Description

global

Minimum Latitude

-90

Maximum Latitude

90

Minimum Longitude

-90

Maximum Longitude

90

Direct Spatial Reference Method

Raster

Object Type

Pixel

Bit Type

32

Radius A

1737400

Radius C

1737400

Bands

1

Pixel Resolution (meters/pixel)

280

Scale (pixels/degree)

108.3

Horizontal Coordinate System Units

Meters

Map Projection Name

Simple Cylindrical

Latitude Type

Planetocentric

Longitude Direction

Positive East

Longitude Domain

-180 to 180