Io Galileo SSI Grayscale Global Mosaic 1km

Originators

USGS Astrogeology Science Center

Publisher

USGS Astrogeology Science Center

Abstract

Product Information: The best quality global monitoring images taken by the Galileo spacecraft's Solid-State Imaging (SSI) camera at spatial resolutions up to 1 kilometer per pixel (km) have been assembled here to depict the global and regional morphology of Io. This mosaic is made up of 32 monochrome images taken at various phase angles and local times of day, so care must be taken to note the solar illumination direction when deciding whether topographic features display positive or negative relief. In general, the illumination is from the west over longitudes 0 to 270 W, and from the east over longitudes 270 W to 360 W. The images were empirically adjusted in brightness and contrast to match one another in areas of overlap. Most of the images were taken in the clear filter, but green and 756 nm filter images were substituted when they were more detailed than other available images. Image resolutions range from 1.3 to 10 km along the equator, with the poorest coverage on the Jupiter-facing side of Io (Belton et al., 1992). Mission and Instrument Information: Galileo launched on October 18, 1989 from the Kennedy Space Center in Florida aboard the space shuttle Atlantis with the aim to study Jupiter and its moons. It arrived at Jupiter on December 7th, 1995 and ended when the spacecraft entered Jupiter’s atmosphere on September 21, 2003. Galileo made seven flybys of Io during its fourteen-year mission in the Jovian system. The Solid-State Imaging (SSI) experiment was designed to study Jupiter and it’s satellites using multi-spectral, high-resolution, charge-coupled device (CCD) camera. The camera was operated in eight filtered band passes from 350-1100nm, the eight -position filter wheel consisted of three broad-band filters: violet(404nm), green(559nm), and red(671nm). The borad-band filters allowed for the reconstruction of visible color photographs. The use of a CCD permitted the SSI to have an image geometry which was independent of brightness gradients, greater sensitivity to incident photons, and a wider spectral range than any camera previously flown on a planetary mission. References: Barth, B., Radebaugh, J., & Christiansen, E. H. (2009). Classification of Io's Paterae: Active vs Inactive. Paper presented at the 40th Lunar and Planetary Institute Science Conference, Lunar and Planetary Institute, Houston, TX. https://www.lpi.usra.edu/meetings/lpsc2009/pdf/2397.pdf Becker, T. L., & Geissler, P. E. (2005). Galileo Global Color Mosaics of Io. Paper presented at the 36th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference, Lunar and Planetary Institute, Houston, TX. http://www.lpi.usra.edu/meetings/lpsc2005/pdf/1862.pdf Belton, M. J. S., Klassen, K. P., Clary, M. C., Anderson, J. L., Anger, C. D., Carr, M. H., Chapman, C. R., et al. (1992). The Galileo Solid-State Imaging experiment. Space Science Reviews 60(1-4), 413-455. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00216864 Geissler, P. E., McEwan, A. S., Keszthelyi, L., Lopes-Gautier, R., Granahan, J., & Simonelli, D. P. (1999). Global color variations on Io. Icarus, 140(2), 265–282. https://doi.org/10.1006/icar.1999.6128 Veeder, G. J., Davies, A. G., Matson, D. L., & Johnson, T. V. (2009). Io: Heat flow from dark volcanic fields. Icarus, 204(1), 239-253. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2009.06.027 Williams, D. A., Keszthelyi, L. P., Crown, D. A., Yff, J. A., Jaeger, W. L., Schenk, P. M., Geissler, P. E., & Becker, T. L. (2011). Volcanism on Io: New insights from global geologic mapping. Icarus, 214(1), 91-112. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2011.05.007

Purpose

The Io products update Voyager mission global maps with Galileo SSI data of superior resolution and geometric fidelity. The color mosaic improves on the previous product of Geissler (1999)[2] using later, higher resolution images with better geometric control and a more consistent range of phase angles. These products have been used as a basis to map global geologic units [3], paterae [4], volcanic fields [5] and as a base map for formal planetary nomenclature. An animated globe produced from the merged mosaic is available from NASA’s Planetary Photojournal: http://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog/PIA09257.

Contact and Distribution

Format

Global Mosaic, Remote-sensing Data

Access Constraints

Public domain

Access Scope

PDS

Use Constraints

None

Supplemental Information

http://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog/PIA09257

Native Data Set Environment

ISIS v3

Astrogeology Theme

Geographic Information System (GIS), Image Processing

Mission Names

Galileo, Voyager

Instrument Names

SSI

Online Package Link

https://astrogeology.usgs.gov/search/map/io_galileo_ssi_grayscale_global_mosaic_1km

External File Size

63 MB

Online File Link

https://planetarymaps.usgs.gov/mosaic/Io_Galileo_SSI_Global_Mosaic_1km.tif

Contact Address

2255 N. Gemini Drive

Contact City

Flagstaff

Contact State

AZ

Contact Postal Code

86001

Contact Email

astroweb@usgs.gov

Data Status and Quality

Time Period of Content (start)

2009-01-01

Time Period of Content (stop)

2011-03-15

Currentness Reference

Publication date

Progress

Complete

Update Frequency

None planned

Logical Consistency

All data were projected to a triaxial ellipsoid shape model using the best available Galileo control network (Archinal, B.A., Davies, M.E., Colvin, T.R., Becker, T.L., Kirk, R.L., Gitlin, A.R., 2001. An improved RAND-USGS control network and size determination for Io. Lunar Planet. Sci. XXXII. Abstract #1746). This network suffers from a lack of control points in the region of 320° to 20° (east) longitude. The Voyager 1 images of regions west of 0° longitude appeared displaced from the positions predicted from the control net derived from the solution of the combined Galileo and Voyager data set. We suspect that the discrepancy arises from regional topography west of the sub-Jupiter point, and have adjusted the positions of the Voyager 1 images (all acquired near the limb of Io) to match the best-fit geometry. Horizontal accuracy is nominally 1 pixel, translating to 1 kilometer in low latitude regions with good coverage.

Completeness Report

This mosaic has no coverage within ~5° of the north and south poles. Smaller data gaps occur at both poles in both of the monochrome mosaics. The poles are filled in by interpolation in the merged mosaic. Each of the mosaics is made up of images with mixed resolution, with the poorest coverage on the Jupiter-facing hemisphere. Resolution of the color mosaic ranges from 1.3 to 21 km/pixel at the equator, while the monochrome and merged mosaics range from 1 to 10 km/pixel.

Process Description

PDS images were ingested into ISIS 2 and were calibrated using the best end-of-mission calibration information, co-registered to subpixel precision, and map projected using the camera-pointing corrections of Archinal et al. (2001). A Lunar–Lambert limb-darkening correction was next performed, after having first determined that a coefficient of 0.7 was adequate for all three colors. Finally, the images were mosaicked together using a numerical procedure (Soderblom, L. A., Edwards, K., Eliason, E. M., Sanchez, E. M., and Charette, M. P. 1978. Global color variations on the Martian surface. Icarus 34. doi:10.1016/0019-1035(78)90037-4) that reduces the mismatch at the seams. The merged mosaic was created by superimposing the color mosaic on the more detailed combined monochrome mosaic. The procedure adopted was to calculate color ratio images from the Galileo data and apply them to the monochrome mosaic, requiring that the color ratios of the composite images match the color ratios of the Galileo data. That is, the red brightness was computed as the product of the monochrome mosaic multiplied by the ratio of the Galileo 756 nm/GRN, and the blue brightness as the monochrome mosaic times the Galileo VIO/GRN ratio.

Lineage

Process Date

2009-03-15

Source Title

Galileo and Voyager PDS Archives

Source Online Linkage

{https://pds-imaging.jpl.nasa.gov/volumes/galileo.html#gllSSIREDR,https://pds-imaging.jpl.nasa.gov/volumes/voyager.html#vgrISSEDR-J,http://pds-imaging.jpl.nasa.gov/portal/galileo_mission.html,https://pds-imaging.jpl.nasa.gov/portal/voyager_mission.html}

PDS Status

PDS 3 Like

Attribute Accuracy Report

Accurate to Control Net

Horizontal Positional Accuracy Report

Accurate to Control Net

Geospatial Information

Target

Io

System

Jupiter

Minimum Latitude

-90

Maximum Latitude

90

Minimum Longitude

-180

Maximum Longitude

180

Direct Spatial Reference Method

Raster

Object Type

Grid Cell

Raster Row Count (lines)

5723

Raster Column Count (samples)

11445

Bit Type (8, 16, 32)

8

Quad Name

Radius A

1821460

Radius C

1821460

Bands

1

Pixel Resolution (meters/pixel)

1000

Scale (pixels/degree)

31.79

Map Projection Name

Simple Cylindrical

Latitude Type

Planetocentric

Longitude Direction

Positive West

Longitude Domain

-180 to 180