ISPRS 2003 GIS 101 for Planetary Research
GIS-like tools have existed in the computer age since scientists have been displaying images or comparing digital datasets. Whether it was a program on a mainframe to draw a satellite image to screen, or a piece of FORTRAN code to gather statistics from, all were similar to GIS. The difference now is that nearly all the tasks necessary in a digital mapping project have been merged under one umbrella. A good GIS system should be able to handle a digital mapping project from start to finish. This would include data ingestion, storage, creation, manipulation, multi-layered analysis, visualization, and data output (whether it is digital or hard-copy), through an easy to use interface.
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